# Elliptic functions¶

Elliptic functions historically comprise the elliptic integrals and their inverses, and originate from the problem of computing the arc length of an ellipse. From a more modern point of view, an elliptic function is defined as a doubly periodic function, i.e. a function which satisfies

for some half-periods with . The canonical elliptic functions are the Jacobi elliptic functions. More broadly, this section includes quasi-doubly periodic functions (such as the Jacobi theta functions) and other functions useful in the study of elliptic functions.

Many different conventions for the arguments of elliptic functions are in use. It is even standard to use different parameterizations for different functions in the same text or software (and mpmath is no exception). The usual parameters are the elliptic nome , which usually must satisfy ; the elliptic parameter (an arbitrary complex number); the elliptic modulus (an arbitrary complex number); and the half-period ratio , which usually must satisfy . These quantities can be expressed in terms of each other using the following relations:

In addition, an alternative definition is used for the nome in number theory, which we here denote by q-bar:

For convenience, mpmath provides functions to convert between the various parameters (qfrom(), mfrom(), kfrom(), taufrom(), qbarfrom()).

References

## Elliptic arguments¶

### qfrom()¶

mpmath.qfrom(**kwargs)

Returns the elliptic nome , given any of :

>>> from mpmath import *
>>> mp.dps = 25; mp.pretty = True
>>> qfrom(q=0.25)
0.25
>>> qfrom(m=mfrom(q=0.25))
0.25
>>> qfrom(k=kfrom(q=0.25))
0.25
>>> qfrom(tau=taufrom(q=0.25))
(0.25 + 0.0j)
>>> qfrom(qbar=qbarfrom(q=0.25))
0.25


### qbarfrom()¶

mpmath.qbarfrom(**kwargs)

Returns the number-theoretic nome , given any of :

>>> from mpmath import *
>>> mp.dps = 25; mp.pretty = True
>>> qbarfrom(qbar=0.25)
0.25
>>> qbarfrom(q=qfrom(qbar=0.25))
0.25
>>> qbarfrom(m=extraprec(20)(mfrom)(qbar=0.25))  # ill-conditioned
0.25
>>> qbarfrom(k=extraprec(20)(kfrom)(qbar=0.25))  # ill-conditioned
0.25
>>> qbarfrom(tau=taufrom(qbar=0.25))
(0.25 + 0.0j)


### mfrom()¶

mpmath.mfrom(**kwargs)

Returns the elliptic parameter , given any of :

>>> from mpmath import *
>>> mp.dps = 25; mp.pretty = True
>>> mfrom(m=0.25)
0.25
>>> mfrom(q=qfrom(m=0.25))
0.25
>>> mfrom(k=kfrom(m=0.25))
0.25
>>> mfrom(tau=taufrom(m=0.25))
(0.25 + 0.0j)
>>> mfrom(qbar=qbarfrom(m=0.25))
0.25


As and , rapidly approaches and respectively:

>>> mfrom(q=0.75)
0.9999999999999798332943533
>>> mfrom(q=-0.75)
-49586681013729.32611558353
>>> mfrom(q=1)
1.0
>>> mfrom(q=-1)
-inf


The inverse nome as a function of has an integer Taylor series expansion:

>>> taylor(lambda q: mfrom(q), 0, 7)
[0.0, 16.0, -128.0, 704.0, -3072.0, 11488.0, -38400.0, 117632.0]


### kfrom()¶

mpmath.kfrom(**kwargs)

Returns the elliptic modulus , given any of :

>>> from mpmath import *
>>> mp.dps = 25; mp.pretty = True
>>> kfrom(k=0.25)
0.25
>>> kfrom(m=mfrom(k=0.25))
0.25
>>> kfrom(q=qfrom(k=0.25))
0.25
>>> kfrom(tau=taufrom(k=0.25))
(0.25 + 0.0j)
>>> kfrom(qbar=qbarfrom(k=0.25))
0.25


As and , rapidly approaches and respectively:

>>> kfrom(q=0.75)
0.9999999999999899166471767
>>> kfrom(q=-0.75)
(0.0 + 7041781.096692038332790615j)
>>> kfrom(q=1)
1
>>> kfrom(q=-1)
(0.0 + +infj)


### taufrom()¶

mpmath.taufrom(**kwargs)

Returns the elliptic half-period ratio , given any of :

>>> from mpmath import *
>>> mp.dps = 25; mp.pretty = True
>>> taufrom(tau=0.5j)
(0.0 + 0.5j)
>>> taufrom(q=qfrom(tau=0.5j))
(0.0 + 0.5j)
>>> taufrom(m=mfrom(tau=0.5j))
(0.0 + 0.5j)
>>> taufrom(k=kfrom(tau=0.5j))
(0.0 + 0.5j)
>>> taufrom(qbar=qbarfrom(tau=0.5j))
(0.0 + 0.5j)


## Legendre elliptic integrals¶

### ellipk()¶

mpmath.ellipk(m, **kwargs)

Evaluates the complete elliptic integral of the first kind, , defined by

Note that the argument is the parameter , not the modulus which is sometimes used.

Plots

# Complete elliptic integrals K(m) and E(m)
plot([ellipk, ellipe], [-2,1], [0,3], points=600)


Examples

Values and limits include:

>>> from mpmath import *
>>> mp.dps = 25; mp.pretty = True
>>> ellipk(0)
1.570796326794896619231322
>>> ellipk(inf)
(0.0 + 0.0j)
>>> ellipk(-inf)
0.0
>>> ellipk(1)
+inf
>>> ellipk(-1)
1.31102877714605990523242
>>> ellipk(2)
(1.31102877714605990523242 - 1.31102877714605990523242j)


Verifying the defining integral and hypergeometric representation:

>>> ellipk(0.5)
1.85407467730137191843385
>>> quad(lambda t: (1-0.5*sin(t)**2)**-0.5, [0, pi/2])
1.85407467730137191843385
>>> pi/2*hyp2f1(0.5,0.5,1,0.5)
1.85407467730137191843385


Evaluation is supported for arbitrary complex :

>>> ellipk(3+4j)
(0.9111955638049650086562171 + 0.6313342832413452438845091j)


A definite integral:

>>> quad(ellipk, [0, 1])
2.0


### ellipf()¶

mpmath.ellipf(phi, m)

Evaluates the Legendre incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind

or equivalently

The function reduces to a complete elliptic integral of the first kind (see ellipk()) when ; that is,

In the defining integral, it is assumed that the principal branch of the square root is taken and that the path of integration avoids crossing any branch cuts. Outside , the function extends quasi-periodically as

Plots

# Elliptic integral F(z,m) for some different m
f1 = lambda z: ellipf(z,-1)
f2 = lambda z: ellipf(z,-0.5)
f3 = lambda z: ellipf(z,0)
f4 = lambda z: ellipf(z,0.5)
f5 = lambda z: ellipf(z,1)
plot([f1,f2,f3,f4,f5], [0,pi], [0,4])


Examples

Basic values and limits:

>>> from mpmath import *
>>> mp.dps = 25; mp.pretty = True
>>> ellipf(0,1)
0.0
>>> ellipf(0,0)
0.0
>>> ellipf(1,0); ellipf(2+3j,0)
1.0
(2.0 + 3.0j)
>>> ellipf(1,1); log(sec(1)+tan(1))
1.226191170883517070813061
1.226191170883517070813061
>>> ellipf(pi/2, -0.5); ellipk(-0.5)
1.415737208425956198892166
1.415737208425956198892166
>>> ellipf(pi/2+eps, 1); ellipf(-pi/2-eps, 1)
+inf
+inf
>>> ellipf(1.5, 1)
3.340677542798311003320813


Comparing with numerical integration:

>>> z,m = 0.5, 1.25
>>> ellipf(z,m)
0.5287219202206327872978255
0.5287219202206327872978255


The arguments may be complex numbers:

>>> ellipf(3j, 0.5)
(0.0 + 1.713602407841590234804143j)
>>> ellipf(3+4j, 5-6j)
(1.269131241950351323305741 - 0.3561052815014558335412538j)
>>> z,m = 2+3j, 1.25
>>> k = 1011
>>> ellipf(z+pi*k,m); ellipf(z,m) + 2*k*ellipk(m)
(4086.184383622179764082821 - 3003.003538923749396546871j)
(4086.184383622179764082821 - 3003.003538923749396546871j)


For , the function can be expressed as a hypergeometric series of two variables (see appellf1()):

>>> z,m = 0.5, 0.25
>>> ellipf(z,m)
0.5050887275786480788831083
>>> sin(z)*appellf1(0.5,0.5,0.5,1.5,sin(z)**2,m*sin(z)**2)
0.5050887275786480788831083


### ellipe()¶

mpmath.ellipe(*args)

Called with a single argument , evaluates the Legendre complete elliptic integral of the second kind, , defined by

Called with two arguments , evaluates the incomplete elliptic integral of the second kind

The incomplete integral reduces to a complete integral when ; that is,

In the defining integral, it is assumed that the principal branch of the square root is taken and that the path of integration avoids crossing any branch cuts. Outside , the function extends quasi-periodically as

Plots

# Elliptic integral E(z,m) for some different m
f1 = lambda z: ellipe(z,-2)
f2 = lambda z: ellipe(z,-1)
f3 = lambda z: ellipe(z,0)
f4 = lambda z: ellipe(z,1)
f5 = lambda z: ellipe(z,2)
plot([f1,f2,f3,f4,f5], [0,pi], [0,4])


Examples for the complete integral

Basic values and limits:

>>> from mpmath import *
>>> mp.dps = 25; mp.pretty = True
>>> ellipe(0)
1.570796326794896619231322
>>> ellipe(1)
1.0
>>> ellipe(-1)
1.910098894513856008952381
>>> ellipe(2)
(0.5990701173677961037199612 + 0.5990701173677961037199612j)
>>> ellipe(inf)
(0.0 + +infj)
>>> ellipe(-inf)
+inf


Verifying the defining integral and hypergeometric representation:

>>> ellipe(0.5)
1.350643881047675502520175
>>> quad(lambda t: sqrt(1-0.5*sin(t)**2), [0, pi/2])
1.350643881047675502520175
>>> pi/2*hyp2f1(0.5,-0.5,1,0.5)
1.350643881047675502520175


Evaluation is supported for arbitrary complex :

>>> ellipe(0.5+0.25j)
(1.360868682163129682716687 - 0.1238733442561786843557315j)
>>> ellipe(3+4j)
(1.499553520933346954333612 - 1.577879007912758274533309j)


A definite integral:

>>> quad(ellipe, [0,1])
1.333333333333333333333333


Examples for the incomplete integral

Basic values and limits:

>>> ellipe(0,1)
0.0
>>> ellipe(0,0)
0.0
>>> ellipe(1,0)
1.0
>>> ellipe(2+3j,0)
(2.0 + 3.0j)
>>> ellipe(1,1); sin(1)
0.8414709848078965066525023
0.8414709848078965066525023
>>> ellipe(pi/2, -0.5); ellipe(-0.5)
1.751771275694817862026502
1.751771275694817862026502
>>> ellipe(pi/2, 1); ellipe(-pi/2, 1)
1.0
-1.0
>>> ellipe(1.5, 1)
0.9974949866040544309417234


Comparing with numerical integration:

>>> z,m = 0.5, 1.25
>>> ellipe(z,m)
0.4740152182652628394264449
0.4740152182652628394264449


The arguments may be complex numbers:

>>> ellipe(3j, 0.5)
(0.0 + 7.551991234890371873502105j)
>>> ellipe(3+4j, 5-6j)
(24.15299022574220502424466 + 75.2503670480325997418156j)
>>> k = 35
>>> z,m = 2+3j, 1.25
>>> ellipe(z+pi*k,m); ellipe(z,m) + 2*k*ellipe(m)
(48.30138799412005235090766 + 17.47255216721987688224357j)
(48.30138799412005235090766 + 17.47255216721987688224357j)


For , the function can be expressed as a hypergeometric series of two variables (see appellf1()):

>>> z,m = 0.5, 0.25
>>> ellipe(z,m)
0.4950017030164151928870375
>>> sin(z)*appellf1(0.5,0.5,-0.5,1.5,sin(z)**2,m*sin(z)**2)
0.4950017030164151928870376


### ellippi()¶

mpmath.ellippi(*args)

Called with three arguments , evaluates the Legendre incomplete elliptic integral of the third kind

Called with two arguments , evaluates the complete elliptic integral of the third kind .

In the defining integral, it is assumed that the principal branch of the square root is taken and that the path of integration avoids crossing any branch cuts. Outside , the function extends quasi-periodically as

Plots

# Elliptic integral Pi(n,z,m) for some different n, m
f1 = lambda z: ellippi(0.9,z,0.9)
f2 = lambda z: ellippi(0.5,z,0.5)
f3 = lambda z: ellippi(-2,z,-0.9)
f4 = lambda z: ellippi(-0.5,z,0.5)
f5 = lambda z: ellippi(-1,z,0.5)
plot([f1,f2,f3,f4,f5], [0,pi], [0,4])


Examples for the complete integral

Some basic values and limits:

>>> from mpmath import *
>>> mp.dps = 25; mp.pretty = True
>>> ellippi(0,-5); ellipk(-5)
0.9555039270640439337379334
0.9555039270640439337379334
>>> ellippi(inf,2)
0.0
>>> ellippi(2,inf)
0.0
>>> abs(ellippi(1,5))
+inf
>>> abs(ellippi(0.25,1))
+inf


Evaluation in terms of simpler functions:

>>> ellippi(0.25,0.25); ellipe(0.25)/(1-0.25)
1.956616279119236207279727
1.956616279119236207279727
>>> ellippi(3,0); pi/(2*sqrt(-2))
(0.0 - 1.11072073453959156175397j)
(0.0 - 1.11072073453959156175397j)
>>> ellippi(-3,0); pi/(2*sqrt(4))
0.7853981633974483096156609
0.7853981633974483096156609


Examples for the incomplete integral

Basic values and limits:

>>> ellippi(0.25,-0.5); ellippi(0.25,pi/2,-0.5)
1.622944760954741603710555
1.622944760954741603710555
>>> ellippi(1,0,1)
0.0
>>> ellippi(inf,0,1)
0.0
>>> ellippi(0,0.25,0.5); ellipf(0.25,0.5)
0.2513040086544925794134591
0.2513040086544925794134591
>>> ellippi(1,1,1); (log(sec(1)+tan(1))+sec(1)*tan(1))/2
2.054332933256248668692452
2.054332933256248668692452
>>> ellippi(0.25, 53*pi/2, 0.75); 53*ellippi(0.25,0.75)
135.240868757890840755058
135.240868757890840755058
>>> ellippi(0.5,pi/4,0.5); 2*ellipe(pi/4,0.5)-1/sqrt(3)
0.9190227391656969903987269
0.9190227391656969903987269


Complex arguments are supported:

>>> ellippi(0.5, 5+6j-2*pi, -7-8j)
(-0.3612856620076747660410167 + 0.5217735339984807829755815j)


## Carlson symmetric elliptic integrals¶

### elliprf()¶

mpmath.elliprf(x, y, z)

Evaluates the Carlson symmetric elliptic integral of the first kind

which is defined for , and with at most one of being zero.

For real , the principal square root is taken in the integrand. For complex , the principal square root is taken as and as non-principal branches are chosen as necessary so as to make the integrand continuous.

Examples

Some basic values and limits:

>>> from mpmath import *
>>> mp.dps = 25; mp.pretty = True
>>> elliprf(0,1,1); pi/2
1.570796326794896619231322
1.570796326794896619231322
>>> elliprf(0,1,inf)
0.0
>>> elliprf(1,1,1)
1.0
>>> elliprf(2,2,2)**2
0.5
>>> elliprf(1,0,0); elliprf(0,0,1); elliprf(0,1,0); elliprf(0,0,0)
+inf
+inf
+inf
+inf


Representing complete elliptic integrals in terms of :

>>> m = mpf(0.75)
>>> ellipk(m); elliprf(0,1-m,1)
2.156515647499643235438675
2.156515647499643235438675
>>> ellipe(m); elliprf(0,1-m,1)-m*elliprd(0,1-m,1)/3
1.211056027568459524803563
1.211056027568459524803563


Some symmetries and argument transformations:

>>> x,y,z = 2,3,4
>>> elliprf(x,y,z); elliprf(y,x,z); elliprf(z,y,x)
0.5840828416771517066928492
0.5840828416771517066928492
0.5840828416771517066928492
>>> k = mpf(100000)
>>> elliprf(k*x,k*y,k*z); k**(-0.5) * elliprf(x,y,z)
0.001847032121923321253219284
0.001847032121923321253219284
>>> l = sqrt(x*y) + sqrt(y*z) + sqrt(z*x)
>>> elliprf(x,y,z); 2*elliprf(x+l,y+l,z+l)
0.5840828416771517066928492
0.5840828416771517066928492
>>> elliprf((x+l)/4,(y+l)/4,(z+l)/4)
0.5840828416771517066928492


Comparing with numerical integration:

>>> x,y,z = 2,3,4
>>> elliprf(x,y,z)
0.5840828416771517066928492
>>> f = lambda t: 0.5*((t+x)*(t+y)*(t+z))**(-0.5)
>>> q(f, [0,inf])
0.5840828416771517066928492


With the following arguments, the square root in the integrand becomes discontinuous at if the principal branch is used. To obtain the right value, must be taken instead of on :

>>> x,y,z = j-1,j,0
>>> elliprf(x,y,z)
(0.7961258658423391329305694 - 1.213856669836495986430094j)
>>> -q(f, [0,0.5]) + q(f, [0.5,inf])
(0.7961258658423391329305694 - 1.213856669836495986430094j)


The so-called first lemniscate constant, a transcendental number:

>>> elliprf(0,1,2)
1.31102877714605990523242
1.31102877714605990523242
>>> gamma('1/4')**2/(4*sqrt(2*pi))
1.31102877714605990523242


References

1. [Carlson]
2. [DLMF] Chapter 19. Elliptic Integrals

### elliprc()¶

mpmath.elliprc(x, y, pv=True)

Evaluates the degenerate Carlson symmetric elliptic integral of the first kind

If , either a value defined by continuity, or with pv=True the Cauchy principal value, can be computed.

If , the value can be expressed in terms of elementary functions as

Examples

Some special values and limits:

>>> from mpmath import *
>>> mp.dps = 25; mp.pretty = True
>>> elliprc(1,2)*4; elliprc(0,1)*2; +pi
3.141592653589793238462643
3.141592653589793238462643
3.141592653589793238462643
>>> elliprc(1,0)
+inf
>>> elliprc(5,5)**2
0.2
>>> elliprc(1,inf); elliprc(inf,1); elliprc(inf,inf)
0.0
0.0
0.0


Comparing with the elementary closed-form solution:

>>> elliprc('1/3', '1/5'); sqrt(7.5)*acosh(sqrt('5/3'))
2.041630778983498390751238
2.041630778983498390751238
>>> elliprc('1/5', '1/3'); sqrt(7.5)*acos(sqrt('3/5'))
1.875180765206547065111085
1.875180765206547065111085


Comparing with numerical integration:

>>> q = extradps(25)(quad)
>>> elliprc(2, -3, pv=True)
0.3333969101113672670749334
>>> elliprc(2, -3, pv=False)
(0.3333969101113672670749334 + 0.7024814731040726393156375j)
>>> 0.5*q(lambda t: 1/(sqrt(t+2)*(t-3)), [0,3-j,6,inf])
(0.3333969101113672670749334 + 0.7024814731040726393156375j)


### elliprj()¶

mpmath.elliprj(x, y, z, p)

Evaluates the Carlson symmetric elliptic integral of the third kind

Like elliprf(), the branch of the square root in the integrand is defined so as to be continuous along the path of integration for complex values of the arguments.

Examples

Some values and limits:

>>> from mpmath import *
>>> mp.dps = 25; mp.pretty = True
>>> elliprj(1,1,1,1)
1.0
>>> elliprj(2,2,2,2); 1/(2*sqrt(2))
0.3535533905932737622004222
0.3535533905932737622004222
>>> elliprj(0,1,2,2)
1.067937989667395702268688
>>> 3*(2*gamma('5/4')**2-pi**2/gamma('1/4')**2)/(sqrt(2*pi))
1.067937989667395702268688
>>> elliprj(0,1,1,2); 3*pi*(2-sqrt(2))/4
1.380226776765915172432054
1.380226776765915172432054
>>> elliprj(1,3,2,0); elliprj(0,1,1,0); elliprj(0,0,0,0)
+inf
+inf
+inf
>>> elliprj(1,inf,1,0); elliprj(1,1,1,inf)
0.0
0.0
>>> chop(elliprj(1+j, 1-j, 1, 1))
0.8505007163686739432927844


Scale transformation:

>>> x,y,z,p = 2,3,4,5
>>> k = mpf(100000)
>>> elliprj(k*x,k*y,k*z,k*p); k**(-1.5)*elliprj(x,y,z,p)
4.521291677592745527851168e-9
4.521291677592745527851168e-9


Comparing with numerical integration:

>>> elliprj(1,2,3,4)
0.2398480997495677621758617
>>> f = lambda t: 1/((t+4)*sqrt((t+1)*(t+2)*(t+3)))
0.2398480997495677621758617
>>> elliprj(1,2+1j,3,4-2j)
(0.216888906014633498739952 + 0.04081912627366673332369512j)
>>> f = lambda t: 1/((t+4-2j)*sqrt((t+1)*(t+2+1j)*(t+3)))
(0.216888906014633498739952 + 0.04081912627366673332369511j)


### elliprd()¶

mpmath.elliprd(x, y, z)

Evaluates the degenerate Carlson symmetric elliptic integral of the third kind or Carlson elliptic integral of the second kind .

Examples

>>> from mpmath import *
>>> mp.dps = 25; mp.pretty = True
>>> elliprd(1,2,3)
0.2904602810289906442326534
>>> elliprj(1,2,3,3)
0.2904602810289906442326534


The so-called second lemniscate constant, a transcendental number:

>>> elliprd(0,2,1)/3
0.5990701173677961037199612
0.5990701173677961037199612
>>> gamma('3/4')**2/sqrt(2*pi)
0.5990701173677961037199612


### elliprg()¶

mpmath.elliprg(x, y, z)

Evaluates the Carlson completely symmetric elliptic integral of the second kind

Examples

Evaluation for real and complex arguments:

>>> from mpmath import *
>>> mp.dps = 25; mp.pretty = True
>>> elliprg(0,1,1)*4; +pi
3.141592653589793238462643
3.141592653589793238462643
>>> elliprg(0,0.5,1)
0.6753219405238377512600874
>>> chop(elliprg(1+j, 1-j, 2))
1.172431327676416604532822


A double integral that can be evaluated in terms of :

>>> x,y,z = 2,3,4
>>> def f(t,u):
...     st = fp.sin(t); ct = fp.cos(t)
...     su = fp.sin(u); cu = fp.cos(u)
...     return (x*(st*cu)**2 + y*(st*su)**2 + z*ct**2)**0.5 * st
...
1.725503028069
>>> nprint(elliprg(x,y,z), 13)
1.725503028069


## Jacobi theta functions¶

### jtheta()¶

mpmath.jtheta(n, z, q, derivative=0)

Computes the Jacobi theta function , where , defined by the infinite series:

The theta functions are functions of two variables:

• is the argument, an arbitrary real or complex number
• is the nome, which must be a real or complex number in the unit disk (i.e. ). For , the series converge very quickly, so the Jacobi theta functions can efficiently be evaluated to high precision.

The compact notations and are also frequently encountered. Finally, Jacobi theta functions are frequently considered as functions of the half-period ratio and then usually denoted by .

Optionally, jtheta(n, z, q, derivative=d) with computes a -th derivative with respect to .

Examples and basic properties

Considered as functions of , the Jacobi theta functions may be viewed as generalizations of the ordinary trigonometric functions cos and sin. They are periodic functions:

>>> from mpmath import *
>>> mp.dps = 25; mp.pretty = True
>>> jtheta(1, 0.25, '0.2')
0.2945120798627300045053104
>>> jtheta(1, 0.25 + 2*pi, '0.2')
0.2945120798627300045053104


Indeed, the series defining the theta functions are essentially trigonometric Fourier series. The coefficients can be retrieved using fourier():

>>> mp.dps = 10
>>> nprint(fourier(lambda x: jtheta(2, x, 0.5), [-pi, pi], 4))
([0.0, 1.68179, 0.0, 0.420448, 0.0], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0])


The Jacobi theta functions are also so-called quasiperiodic functions of and , meaning that for fixed , and are the same except for an exponential factor:

>>> mp.dps = 25
>>> tau = 3*j/10
>>> q = exp(pi*j*tau)
>>> z = 10
>>> jtheta(4, z+tau*pi, q)
(-0.682420280786034687520568 + 1.526683999721399103332021j)
>>> -exp(-2*j*z)/q * jtheta(4, z, q)
(-0.682420280786034687520568 + 1.526683999721399103332021j)


The Jacobi theta functions satisfy a huge number of other functional equations, such as the following identity (valid for any ):

>>> q = mpf(3)/10
>>> jtheta(3,0,q)**4
6.823744089352763305137427
>>> jtheta(2,0,q)**4 + jtheta(4,0,q)**4
6.823744089352763305137427


Extensive listings of identities satisfied by the Jacobi theta functions can be found in standard reference works.

The Jacobi theta functions are related to the gamma function for special arguments:

>>> jtheta(3, 0, exp(-pi))
1.086434811213308014575316
>>> pi**(1/4.) / gamma(3/4.)
1.086434811213308014575316


jtheta() supports arbitrary precision evaluation and complex arguments:

>>> mp.dps = 50
>>> jtheta(4, sqrt(2), 0.5)
2.0549510717571539127004115835148878097035750653737
>>> mp.dps = 25
>>> jtheta(4, 1+2j, (1+j)/5)
(7.180331760146805926356634 - 1.634292858119162417301683j)


Evaluation of derivatives:

>>> mp.dps = 25
>>> jtheta(1, 7, 0.25, 1); diff(lambda z: jtheta(1, z, 0.25), 7)
1.209857192844475388637236
1.209857192844475388637236
>>> jtheta(1, 7, 0.25, 2); diff(lambda z: jtheta(1, z, 0.25), 7, 2)
-0.2598718791650217206533052
-0.2598718791650217206533052
>>> jtheta(2, 7, 0.25, 1); diff(lambda z: jtheta(2, z, 0.25), 7)
-1.150231437070259644461474
-1.150231437070259644461474
>>> jtheta(2, 7, 0.25, 2); diff(lambda z: jtheta(2, z, 0.25), 7, 2)
-0.6226636990043777445898114
-0.6226636990043777445898114
>>> jtheta(3, 7, 0.25, 1); diff(lambda z: jtheta(3, z, 0.25), 7)
-0.9990312046096634316587882
-0.9990312046096634316587882
>>> jtheta(3, 7, 0.25, 2); diff(lambda z: jtheta(3, z, 0.25), 7, 2)
-0.1530388693066334936151174
-0.1530388693066334936151174
>>> jtheta(4, 7, 0.25, 1); diff(lambda z: jtheta(4, z, 0.25), 7)
0.9820995967262793943571139
0.9820995967262793943571139
>>> jtheta(4, 7, 0.25, 2); diff(lambda z: jtheta(4, z, 0.25), 7, 2)
0.3936902850291437081667755
0.3936902850291437081667755


Possible issues

For or , jtheta() raises ValueError. This exception is also raised for extremely close to 1 (or equivalently very close to 0), since the series would converge too slowly:

>>> jtheta(1, 10, 0.99999999 * exp(0.5*j))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: abs(q) > THETA_Q_LIM = 1.000000


## Jacobi elliptic functions¶

### ellipfun()¶

mpmath.ellipfun(kind, u=None, m=None, q=None, k=None, tau=None)

Computes any of the Jacobi elliptic functions, defined in terms of Jacobi theta functions as

or more generally computes a ratio of two such functions. Here , and denotes the nome (see nome()). Optionally, you can specify the nome directly instead of by passing q=<value>, or you can directly specify the elliptic parameter with k=<value>.

The first argument should be a two-character string specifying the function using any combination of 's', 'c', 'd', 'n'. These letters respectively denote the basic functions , , , and . The identifier specifies the ratio of two such functions. For example, 'ns' identifies the function

and 'cd' identifies the function

If called with only the first argument, a function object evaluating the chosen function for given arguments is returned.

Examples

Basic evaluation:

>>> from mpmath import *
>>> mp.dps = 25; mp.pretty = True
>>> ellipfun('cd', 3.5, 0.5)
-0.9891101840595543931308394
>>> ellipfun('cd', 3.5, q=0.25)
0.07111979240214668158441418


The sn-function is doubly periodic in the complex plane with periods and (see ellipk()):

>>> sn = ellipfun('sn')
>>> sn(2, 0.25)
0.9628981775982774425751399
>>> sn(2+4*ellipk(0.25), 0.25)
0.9628981775982774425751399
>>> chop(sn(2+2*j*ellipk(1-0.25), 0.25))
0.9628981775982774425751399


The cn-function is doubly periodic with periods and :

>>> cn = ellipfun('cn')
>>> cn(2, 0.25)
-0.2698649654510865792581416
>>> cn(2+4*ellipk(0.25), 0.25)
-0.2698649654510865792581416
>>> chop(cn(2+4*j*ellipk(1-0.25), 0.25))
-0.2698649654510865792581416


The dn-function is doubly periodic with periods and :

>>> dn = ellipfun('dn')
>>> dn(2, 0.25)
0.8764740583123262286931578
>>> dn(2+2*ellipk(0.25), 0.25)
0.8764740583123262286931578
>>> chop(dn(2+4*j*ellipk(1-0.25), 0.25))
0.8764740583123262286931578


## Modular functions¶

### kleinj()¶

mpmath.kleinj(tau=None, **kwargs)

Evaluates the Klein j-invariant, which is a modular function defined for in the upper half-plane as

where and are the modular invariants of the Weierstrass elliptic function,

An alternative, common notation is that of the j-function .

Plots

# Klein J-function as function of the number-theoretic nome
fp.cplot(lambda q: fp.kleinj(qbar=q), [-1,1], [-1,1], points=50000)

# Klein J-function as function of the half-period ratio
fp.cplot(lambda t: fp.kleinj(tau=t), [-1,2], [0,1.5], points=50000)


Examples

Verifying the functional equation :

>>> from mpmath import *
>>> mp.dps = 25; mp.pretty = True
>>> tau = 0.625+0.75*j
>>> tau = 0.625+0.75*j
>>> kleinj(tau)
(-0.1507492166511182267125242 + 0.07595948379084571927228948j)
>>> kleinj(tau+1)
(-0.1507492166511182267125242 + 0.07595948379084571927228948j)
>>> kleinj(-1/tau)
(-0.1507492166511182267125242 + 0.07595948379084571927228946j)


The j-function has a famous Laurent series expansion in terms of the nome , :

>>> mp.dps = 15
>>> taylor(lambda q: 1728*q*kleinj(qbar=q), 0, 5, singular=True)
[1.0, 744.0, 196884.0, 21493760.0, 864299970.0, 20245856256.0]


The j-function admits exact evaluation at special algebraic points related to the Heegner numbers 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 19, 43, 67, 163:

>>> @extraprec(10)
... def h(n):
...     v = (1+sqrt(n)*j)
...     if n > 2:
...         v *= 0.5
...     return v
...
>>> mp.dps = 25
>>> for n in [1,2,3,7,11,19,43,67,163]:
...     n, chop(1728*kleinj(h(n)))
...
(1, 1728.0)
(2, 8000.0)
(3, 0.0)
(7, -3375.0)
(11, -32768.0)
(19, -884736.0)
(43, -884736000.0)
(67, -147197952000.0)
(163, -262537412640768000.0)


Also at other special points, the j-function assumes explicit algebraic values, e.g.:

>>> chop(1728*kleinj(j*sqrt(5)))
1264538.909475140509320227
>>> identify(cbrt(_))      # note: not simplified
'((100+sqrt(13520))/2)'
>>> (50+26*sqrt(5))**3
1264538.909475140509320227